基于反应位移法的复杂软土盾构隧道横断面抗震分析

采用反应位移法，利用ABAQUS软件建立梁-弹簧有限元模型，进行复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震分析，并结合天津滨海Z2线软土盾构隧道进行计算。研究表明，在地震作用下，最大弯矩值和剪力值一般出现在拱肩位置，最大轴力值一般出现在拱腰附近；处于复杂地层附近的隧道结构内力值较大，应加强该位置处的抗震构造措施或在选线时尽量避免复杂场地。本文对复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震设计具有一定参考价值。     

Evaluation of mine tailings effects on a benthic marine infaunal community over 29 years

Benthic infaunal and sediment data collected over 29 years were used to examine the extent and geographic range of effects and recovery from submarine tailings deposition. Empirical data were used to determine extreme and moderate effects, and identify near-, mid- and far-field zones. A simple probability test using overlap in frequency distributions was then used to determine less obvious effects, identify "normal" or "reference" conditions, and verify the geographic range of effect zones. Tailings thickness and sediment particulate copper were elevated from the outfall to 16-20 km distant, particularly below discharge depth (50 m). Changes in tailings thickness and copper levels before, during and after mining showed three distinct impact zones below discharge depth: near-field (<5 km from outfall); mid-field (5-16 km); and far-field (20 + km). Consistent faunal declines during mining were noted at sediment particulate copper levels >300 microg g(-1), and sediment tailings thickness > 15-20 cm. Extreme impoverishment at these sediment levels were; < 100 animals/m2, <2.5 g/m2 biomass and <7 taxa per station. No stations with >300 microg g(-1) copper and 20 cm tailings had more than 40 taxa. Amphipods were particularly affected by tailings, with distributions reflecting the instability in sediments from heavy deposition and/or shifting of tailings due to resuspension. The probability testing method assumed that reference conditions existed in far-field stations. There was no difference in abundance distributions between near-, mid- and far-field zones. Total taxa per station during mining was significantly reduced (<45) in both near- and mid-field stations compared with far-field (less than 10% overlap in distributions). One midfield station in Quatsino Sound (23) was in reference condition throughout the study period. Post-closure stations in the near- and mid-field had total taxa numbers approaching far-field conditions (overlap of 62% in distributions). Within 3 years following closure, total taxa values were within the far-field range for all stations sampled. Biomass showed a distinct decline in the near-field during mining, but with more overlap in near-field and far-field distributions (27%) than for total taxa per station, and was returning to far-field conditions in the post-closure years. A multivariate (Bray-Curtis) measure of dissimilarity indicated that the near- and mid-field infaunal compositions were distinct from the far-field during mining (< 10% overlap in distributions). The mid-field composition overlapped more with the far-field in the post-closure years, but the near-field composition did not, suggesting that the mine tailings are still affecting the fauna. The most abundant taxon in each of the reference and near-field station groups both showed significantly distinct relative abundance distributions between near- and far-field stations. In summary, the probability method showed that species richness, biomass, species composition and indicator taxa were useful for differentiating affected and non-affected stations. Polychaetes recolonize stable tailings most quickly, and have dominated the tailings stations in the post-closure years. Amphipods have recolonized sporadically, but seem to be highly sensitive to tailings stability. There was no evidence of recovery in dominant bivalves or echinoderms within three years after mine closure.     

Estrogenic responses of larval sunshine bass (Morone saxatilis x M. Chrysops) exposed to New York City sewage effluent

To determine the estrogenicity of effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) to larval fish, 2-day-old sunshine bass were exposed to effluents from three STPs serving New York City (NYC), varying in size and treatment level. Estrogenic response was evaluated by measuring vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in cytosolic fractions of whole body homogenates. Concentrations of the presumptive endocrine disruptors in the effluents were also measured. VTG and ER levels in sewage-exposed fish were 3-5 times that observed in controls. Combined concentrations of estradiol and estrone ranged from 5 to 13 ng/l and nonylphenol-ethoxylate metabolites (NPEOs: 4-nonylphenol, and 1-, 2-, and 3-nonylphenol-ethoxylates) ranged from 180 to 470 microg/l in chlorinated effluent. Results indicate that both ER and VTG can be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruption in larval fish, and that 4-day exposure to sewage effluent is sufficient to elicit significant expression of these markers in sunshine bass larvae. The extremely higher concentrations of NPEOs found in effluent relative to hormones (approximately 40,000-fold) indicates that surfactant metabolites may be contributing significantly to the estrogenic effects observed.     

钱营孜煤矿深部地下水水化学特征及来源解析

我国浅部煤炭资源已逐渐枯竭,在煤炭进入深部开采的条件下,来自煤层底板高承压灰岩水的威胁也越来越大,深入理解矿区含水层中水化学组成控制机制是针对性地开展水害防治工作的重要科学前提。为了查明安徽钱营孜煤矿深部地下水中常规离子的定性与定量来源,通过多种数理统计方法(包括相关性分析和R型聚类分析)、离子比值法和Unmix模型对22个灰岩水中常规离子浓度进行了分析。结果表明,地下水呈中至弱碱性,溶解性总固体(TDS)变化范围为1 945~5 292 mg/L,阳离子平均质量浓度由大到小排序为:Na+ (718 mg/L)、Ca2+ (270 mg/L)、Mg2+ (153 mg/L),阴离子平均质量浓度由大到小排序为:SO₄ 2? (2 305 mg/L)、HCO₃ ? (239 mg/L)、Cl? (186 mg/L),95%样品的水化学类型为SO₄-Na型。相关性分析、聚类分析和离子比值分析表明,含水层中水化学组成控制因素主要为硫酸盐和碳酸盐矿物的溶解(源1)以及盐岩的溶解和硅酸盐矿物的风化(源2)。Unmix模型显示源1和源2对地下水中常规离子浓度的平均贡献率分别为56%和44%,其中,源1对Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和SO₄ 2?浓度贡献率依次为73%、68%、63%和73%,源2对Cl?和HCO₃ ?浓度的贡献率分别为75%和66%。研究成果可为相似条件煤矿突水水源的精准识别提供理论支持。      

空间和地理计算与计算社会学的融合路径

空间和地理数据及空间计算是大数据和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)研究的一个主要组成领域,也为社会科学从本体论、方法论和认识论层面提供了一个进行定量和定性研究的重要维度.但是空间如何与计算社会科学结合仍处于探索阶段.通过邀请实证社会研究、地理信息科学、计算机科学等多个领域在计算社会学方向...     

基于耗费场的最优路径算法研究

在GIS中,有一类应用是基于连续分布耗费场的最优路径计算问题,如公路选线等。该文首先采用规则格网对耗费场进行建模,进而基于规则格网表现,分别建立网络实现模型和元胞自动机实现模型,并探讨了基于元胞自动机模型的最优路径算法,通过实例研究,说明了算法的正确性。     

GIS专业本科教学探讨--北京大学教学实例

随着社会对于地理信息系统专业人才的需求,在全世界范围内地理信息科学的教学和培训工作得到了越来越广泛的重视．作为较早开始设立地理信息系统专业的综合性大学——北京大学,在地理信息科学教学实践中积累了丰富的经验,并形成了自己的特色：重视基础,淡化专业;重视地学基础课程的学习和应用;注重理论和实践的结合,向工科倾斜;及时反映GIS的最新进展。     

如何回归地理学:我的思考与实践

地理学是一门古老的学科,也是一门不断发展变化的学科,尤其在中国,近30年来地理学的发展日新月异。然而,伴随着分支学科越来越多,对地理学的认知也出现了不少困惑。从地理学一级学科建设和学术共同体培育的角度,亟需寻找地理学发展的"共识",探讨地理学共同体的定义。为此,对地理学充满热爱之情的老中青三代地理学者,对如何推动统一地理学建设提出了各自的见解。这些见解中的共识大体可提炼为以下几点:(1)教学上,加强对地理学综合知识体系的传授,加强对地理学调查研究方法的训练;(2)研究上,加强对地理学研究范式的总结,加强对"地"的综合解释和理论方法方面的融合与突破;(3)学科发展上,加强区域地理学的建设,加强对国家和地方需求的回馈,彰显地理学的贡献。期待通过学界的共同努力,带动地理学共同体的日益壮大。